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From Systemic Critique To Micro-Epistemology In From Systemic Critique to Micro-Epistemology, Engy El Shenawy and Federico Zurani argue that OSINT requires a new framework that extends beyond Carlo Ginzburg's evidential paradigm of interpreting traces. While Ginzburg understood evidence as material clues awaiting expert interpretation, the authors contend that digital investigations instead operate through experimental systems, drawing on Hans-Jörg Rheinberger's philosophy of science.

They also critique the existing theoretical foundations of Forensic Architecture, arguing that while its Science and Technology Studies (STS) perspective successfully challenges dominant regimes of truth and centres marginalised voices, it provides insufficient criteria for evaluating the methodological reliability of individual investigations. They instead propose Rheinberger's concept of micro-epistemology as a more precise analytical framework, rather than assessing investigations primarily through ethical or political commitments, this approach examines how technical procedures, experimental configurations, and epistemic practices produce stable and reliable knowledge.